A new report is urging the U.S. Space Force to fully embrace a new operational approach to maintain its advantage in orbit. The strategy, known as dynamic space operations (DSO), involves creating more resilient and adaptable space systems, from satellites and ground stations to communication links and launch capabilities.
The call for change comes amid concerns that the current U.S. space architecture is becoming increasingly vulnerable to attack. Proponents argue that a shift toward dynamic operations is essential for national security and to stay ahead of strategic competitors like China, which is rapidly advancing its own space capabilities.
Key Takeaways
- A new report from the Mitchell Institute calls for the U.S. Space Force to overhaul its space architecture by adopting dynamic space operations (DSO).
- DSO aims to make U.S. space assets more resilient, adaptable, and effective against potential threats.
- The strategy includes on-orbit servicing, refueling, modular upgrades, and advanced camouflage and decoy techniques.
- The report stresses the need for buy-in from the Space Force, U.S. Space Command, and Congress to ensure proper funding and long-term support.
The Case for a More Agile Space Architecture
The core argument for adopting dynamic space operations is that the traditional approach of launching static, unserviceable satellites is no longer viable. In an era of growing counterspace threats, these assets are seen as predictable targets.
According to Charles Galbreath, a senior fellow at the Mitchell Institute’s Space Power Advantage Center of Excellence, the current model is a significant liability.
"Embracing dynamic space operations is absolutely critical, because if we fail to change our architecture, it becomes vulnerable and susceptible to attack, putting everything that we do in the military at risk," Galbreath stated.
The report highlights that China is actively working to become the world's leading space power. This includes developing counterspace weapons and methods to extend the operational life of its own satellites, creating a new competitive landscape in space logistics.
What Are Dynamic Space Operations (DSO)?
DSO is a broad concept that goes beyond simple on-orbit refueling and repairs. It encompasses a wide range of capabilities designed to make space systems more flexible and unpredictable. These include:
- In-space servicing: Repairing, refueling, and repositioning satellites.
- Modular upgrades: Adding new capabilities or defensive systems to existing satellites.
- Reprogrammable software: Updating mission parameters and functions remotely.
- In-space assembly: Constructing larger structures, like solar arrays, in orbit.
- Deception techniques: Using decoys and camouflage to confuse adversary tracking and targeting.
A Multi-Segment Approach to Modernization
The report outlines a comprehensive set of recommendations that span all segments of the U.S. space architecture, from assets in orbit to the infrastructure on the ground.
The Orbital Segment
A primary recommendation is for the Space Force to design and field an on-orbit logistics infrastructure. This would require establishing a standard set of interfaces for refueling and servicing, along with developing new operational doctrines.
The report points to the upcoming replacement for the Geosynchronous Space Situational Awareness Program (GSSAP) satellites as a key opportunity. It suggests that these new systems should not only have refueling capabilities but also be designed to allow for mission upgrades, such as adding new sensors or defensive tools.
For satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), where refueling is less practical due to shorter lifespans, the focus shifts to agility and deception. The report advocates for developing more systems like the enigmatic X-37B space plane, which can obscure its mission capabilities and employ concealment techniques.
Ground, Link, and Launch Segments
Resilience is not just about what happens in space. The report emphasizes the need to modernize the terrestrial segment. It calls for expanding programs like the Space Rapid Capabilities Office’s SCAR project, which fields modern phased-array antennas, and the R2C2 satellite command and control software.
The link segment—the communication channels between satellites and ground stations—is another critical area. To prevent jamming and interception, the report recommends continued investment in secure communication technologies such as frequency hopping and laser-based communications.
Four Pillars of DSO Implementation
- Orbital: Build an on-orbit logistics infrastructure with standardized interfaces for servicing and upgrades.
- Terrestrial: Expand modern ground control systems and antenna networks for greater flexibility.
- Link: Secure communication channels with advanced technologies like laser communications.
- Launch: Increase launch site diversity and use standardized satellite buses for rapid replacement.
Finally, the launch segment must be postured to support a dynamic environment. This involves using standardized satellite buses that can be easily integrated onto different launch vehicles and continuing to diversify launch sites and providers to ensure responsive and assured access to space.
Overcoming Hurdles and Building Momentum
To tie these efforts together, the report makes a crucial recommendation: the Space Force should establish a dedicated program office focused exclusively on creating and sustaining an in-space logistics infrastructure.
Historically, dynamic space operations have not been a top priority for the Space Force, despite encouragement from U.S. Space Command. However, there are signs of a potential shift. As the service finalizes its 15-year future operations plan, there appears to be growing recognition of the need for this change.
Galbreath expressed optimism about this evolving perspective. "I think the Space Force under its 15-year plan can really make that decision boldly and say we’re going to head down this path," he said.
Successfully implementing this vision will require sustained commitment and funding from the Space Force, SPACECOM, and Congress. The ultimate goal is to transform the U.S. space architecture from a collection of static, vulnerable points into a dynamic, resilient, and highly effective ecosystem capable of deterring aggression and ensuring continued American leadership in space.